The legacy of collecting missions to the valorization of agro-biodiversity

The history of the civilizations is deeply linked to the history of agriculture, and this has direct links to germplasm collecting and management. Plant collecting activities date back to the beginning of agriculture, with the first steps of plant domestication. Since the most remote times, mankind has depended on plant species collecting, to address its basic needs. For the same reasons, or for cultural and economic reasons, for millennia, people collected and carried seeds, cuttings, seedlings and plants from the places they visited or settled in, and whenever they inhabited new places, they carried the species they knew and which cultivation they mastered. The germplasm collecting is an historic activity that is used in the conservation of genetic resources, especially species for food and agriculture and represents an activity of primary importance within the genetic resources conservation strategies. Germplasm collecting missions have the following main goals: to prevent genetic erosion; to expand or complete the genetic base available in the existent collections; and to meet specific needs (germplasm for breeding programmes, research or development). Between 1977 and 2014, “Banco Português de Germoplasma Vegetal” (BPGV), the National Genebank, carried out 126 collecting missions in mainland Portugal and in the Autonomous Regions of Madeira and the Azores, which resulted in 12,540 accessions of several species (cereals, grain legumes, vegetables, fibers, fodder and pastures, medicinal and aromatic plants). The history of collecting of plant genetic resources in the world, its connection to plant dissemination among the continents, and the plant germplasm collecting missions carried out by the BPGV in the last 40 years is the study object of this communication, in order to demonstrate the contribution of collecting missions to the valorisation of agro-biodiversity. _____________________________________________________________________________ Old and New Worlds: the Global Challenges of Rural History | International Conference, Lisbon, ISCTE-IUL, 27-30 January 2016 2 2 1. History of plant germplasm collecting The search for exotic plants and new crops and varieties are linked to human history. With the beginning of agriculture, which replaced the collected species of wild plants by crop cultivation, naturally arose research, discovery and introduction of new crops and new farming techniques, through travel, trade and conquest. One of the earliest recorded plant exploration expeditions took place in 2500 BC, when the Sumerians made expeditions in Asia Minor in search of grapes, figs and roses (Walter and Cavalcanti, 2005). The first recorded expedition for obtaining living plants took place in 1495 BC when the famous Egyptian Queen Hatshepsut sent a team under Prince Nehasi to the Horn of Africa or Punt, Northeastern Coast of Africa (the area that now includes Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea, and Ethiopia). The main objective of this mission was to collect plants whose fragrant resins produced frankincense (Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex. Colebr.) and myrrh [Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl.] (Damania, 2008; Janick, 2007; Walter and Cavalcanti, 2005; IPGRI et al. 1995). Records also show earlier exploits of Sankhkara, one of the Egyptian pharaohs, who ordered ships sent to the Gulf of Aden (Yemen) to collect cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) and cassia (Cinnamomum aromaticum Nees) used in the embalming of the dead (Damania, 2008; Janick, 2007). The history of Egyptian civilization is marked by persistent collection and domestication of plants from the region and their subsequent introduction in the Nile valley (Damania, 2008; Janick, 2007). Streams of immigrants and captives, as well as invasions by others, such as the Persians in 525 BC, the Greeks ((356–323 BC) and the Romans (332–30 BC) contribute to new introductions of germplasm and technology. Alexander the Great (356–323 BC), son of Philip of Macedonia and student of Aristotle, had a profound influence on the introduction of west Asian plants in Europe. Alexander conquered Persia, Turkistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and northwest India, including the Indus Valley. Greek settlements and commercial posts were founded between the Mediterranean and India along the western section of trade routes, which became known as the Silk Road. Alexander’s campaign led to increased botanical knowledge concerning herbs and spices, and the cities that he established became the western routes for many Asian fruits. With the conquest of Egypt, the new city of Alexandria became the most important trading center between the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean, and was known as the Gateway to the East. (Janick, 2007). The Roman Empire (27 BC-476 AD) is responsible for the introduction of a large amount of agricultural crops (cereals, fodder, vegetables, vines, aromatic and medicinal plants, fruit trees) in the conquered territories (Ferrão et al., 2008). The Roman Empire was one of the largest in history and ruled a continuous territorial extension throughout Europe, North Africa and the Middle East occupying an area of about five million square kilometers, which is currently apportioned among forty countries. Although there are few detailed records and despite the germplasm was not necessarily the objective of the incursions, have always existed in all ancient civilizations many collecting missions and introduction of germplasm. In 1011-1012, Emperor Chen-Tsung ordering the shipment of 30,000 Champa varieties of rice from Vietnam to China's Yangtze Delta, for improving agriculture. This is perhaps the first large-scale germplasm introduction (IPGRI et al. 1995; Twitchett and Fairbank, 2009). Old and New Worlds: the Global Challenges of Rural History | International Conference, Lisbon, ISCTE-IUL, 27-30 January 2016 3 3 Agricultural technology and new crops via the Arabs reached the rest of Europe after the incursions of the West into Jerusalem (the crusades) and from the re-conquest of the Iberian Peninsula by Christian warriors (Janick, 2007). At the same time, the aggressive mounted tribes of Central Asia, consisting of Turks Mongols, and Tibetans, became a dominant power as they moved east and west, eventually conquering vast areas of the Greco-Roman World. Unstable empires of the steppes eventually reunited under Temujin (ca. 1155 to 1227), who took the name of Genghis Khan in 1206. The ‘‘Conqueror of the World’’ formed a Mongol empire that stretched from the Pacific to the Black Sea, from Northern China to the Siberian Taiga, the Volga Plain and Persia, and marched to the gates of Vienna before being halted in 1241. Mongol invasion into India was a decisive turning point in the subcontinent. The Mongol Empire opened the way for a host of European visitors, missionaries, and traders to journey throughout Eurasia. The Mongul garden still remains in India, indicating the influence of this culture on horticulture (Janick, 2007). During the 15th and 16th centuries, with the Age of Discovery of the New World, the Iberian navigators and conquerors (Portuguese and Spanish) unwittingly starting a major programme of germplasm exchange with the Old World, generated a true food revolution (Ferrão, 2013; Janick, 2007; IPGRI et al. 1995; Gusmão et al., 1996). Names like Marco Polo, Henrique the Navigator, Cristóvão Colombo, Bartolomeu Dias, Pedro Álvares Cabral and Vasco da Gama are remembered in various fields of knowledge, such as men who have ventured into distant lands, described people of exotic customs and saw fantastic creatures. Not always remember that all these characters had as great motivator, the search for those desired and valuable products of plant origin, known by the generic name of spices. Such products had great importance in important and powerful families of the Renaissance, who spared no efforts to make available to their table these seeds, fruits, vegetables, bark, pulp, roots, rhizomes, bulbs, tubers, stems, grains, resins, leaves, herbs and berries, with gastronomic, industrial, symbolic and medicinal value (Bracht and Dos Santos, 2011). The Portuguese navigators and conquerors took with them seeds and seedlings of known plants, fruits and vegetables to ensure their own survival and test how they adapt to new environments. The chroniclers of the Age of discovery refer to introduction on the islands of St. Helena, Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe (which functioned as intermediate stations), African Coast and Brazil's of the: almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb), Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), black mustard (Brassica nigra L.), borage (Borago officinalis L.), cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.), carob (Ceratonia silique L.), carrots (Daucus carota L.), cinnamon (Cinnamomum spp.), coriander (Coriadrum sativum L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), fig (Ficus spp.), garlic (Alium sativum L.), lemon (Citrus limon (L) Burm.), lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.), lettuces (Lactuca sativa L.), melon (Cucumis melo L.) mint (Mentha spp.), onion (Allium cepa L.), orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck), olive (Olea europea L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.), pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.), rye (Secale cereale L. ), sugarcane (Saccharum spp.), sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), turnip (Brassica rapa L.), vines (Vitis spp.), and wheat (Triticum spp.), among those species that were part of long and detailed lists which greatly influenced the agriculture and food of the people where they were introduced (Ferrão, 2004; Ferrão and Loureiro, 2013; Madeira et al, 2008). In the New World, the Portuguese navigators came into contact with new and numerous plants, which somehow had some immediate use, particularly those who were grown and or operated by indigenous peoples. Many of these species have earned the seas and eventually succeed to be transported and transplanted by the colonizers to regions as different as t


History of plant germplasm collecting
The search for exotic plants and new crops and varieties are linked to human history.With the beginning of agriculture, which replaced the collected species of wild plants by crop cultivation, naturally arose research, discovery and introduction of new crops and new farming techniques, through travel, trade and conquest.
One of the earliest recorded plant exploration expeditions took place in 2500 BC, when the Sumerians made expeditions in Asia Minor in search of grapes, figs and roses (Walter and Cavalcanti, 2005).
The first recorded expedition for obtaining living plants took place in 1495 BC when the famous Egyptian Queen Hatshepsut sent a team under Prince Nehasi to the Horn of Africa or Punt, Northeastern Coast of Africa (the area that now includes Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea, and Ethiopia).The main objective of this mission was to collect plants whose fragrant resins produced frankincense (Boswellia serrata Roxb.ex.Colebr.) and myrrh [Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl.] (Damania, 2008;Janick, 2007;Walter and Cavalcanti, 2005;IPGRI et al. 1995).
Records also show earlier exploits of Sankhkara, one of the Egyptian pharaohs, who ordered ships sent to the Gulf of Aden (Yemen) to collect cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) and cassia (Cinnamomum aromaticum Nees) used in the embalming of the dead (Damania, 2008;Janick, 2007).The history of Egyptian civilization is marked by persistent collection and domestication of plants from the region and their subsequent introduction in the Nile valley (Damania, 2008;Janick, 2007).
Streams of immigrants and captives, as well as invasions by others, such as the Persians in 525 BC, the Greeks  and the Romans (332-30 BC) contribute to new introductions of germplasm and technology.
Alexander the Great (356-323 BC), son of Philip of Macedonia and student of Aristotle, had a profound influence on the introduction of west Asian plants in Europe.Alexander conquered Persia, Turkistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and northwest India, including the Indus Valley.Greek settlements and commercial posts were founded between the Mediterranean and India along the western section of trade routes, which became known as the Silk Road.Alexander's campaign led to increased botanical knowledge concerning herbs and spices, and the cities that he established became the western routes for many Asian fruits.With the conquest of Egypt, the new city of Alexandria became the most important trading center between the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean, and was known as the Gateway to the East.(Janick, 2007).
The Roman Empire (27 BC-476 AD) is responsible for the introduction of a large amount of agricultural crops (cereals, fodder, vegetables, vines, aromatic and medicinal plants, fruit trees) in the conquered territories (Ferrão et al., 2008).The Roman Empire was one of the largest in history and ruled a continuous territorial extension throughout Europe, North Africa and the Middle East occupying an area of about five million square kilometers, which is currently apportioned among forty countries.
Although there are few detailed records and despite the germplasm was not necessarily the objective of the incursions, have always existed in all ancient civilizations many collecting missions and introduction of germplasm.
In 1011-1012, Emperor Chen-Tsung ordering the shipment of 30,000 Champa varieties of rice from Vietnam to China's Yangtze Delta, for improving agriculture.This is perhaps the first large-scale germplasm introduction (IPGRI et al. 1995;Twitchett and Fairbank, 2009).
Agricultural technology and new crops via the Arabs reached the rest of Europe after the incursions of the West into Jerusalem (the crusades) and from the re-conquest of the Iberian Peninsula by Christian warriors (Janick, 2007).
At the same time, the aggressive mounted tribes of Central Asia, consisting of Turks Mongols, and Tibetans, became a dominant power as they moved east and west, eventually conquering vast areas of the Greco-Roman World.Unstable empires of the steppes eventually reunited under Temujin (ca.1155 to 1227), who took the name of Genghis Khan in 1206.The ''Conqueror of the World'' formed a Mongol empire that stretched from the Pacific to the Black Sea, from Northern China to the Siberian Taiga, the Volga Plain and Persia, and marched to the gates of Vienna before being halted in 1241.Mongol invasion into India was a decisive turning point in the subcontinent.The Mongol Empire opened the way for a host of European visitors, missionaries, and traders to journey throughout Eurasia.The Mongul garden still remains in India, indicating the influence of this culture on horticulture (Janick, 2007).
During the 15th and 16th centuries, with the Age of Discovery of the New World, the Iberian navigators and conquerors (Portuguese and Spanish) unwittingly starting a major programme of germplasm exchange with the Old World, generated a true food revolution (Ferrão, 2013;Janick, 2007;IPGRI et al. 1995;Gusmão et al., 1996).
Names like Marco Polo, Henrique the Navigator, Cristóvão Colombo, Bartolomeu Dias, Pedro Álvares Cabral and Vasco da Gama are remembered in various fields of knowledge, such as men who have ventured into distant lands, described people of exotic customs and saw fantastic creatures.Not always remember that all these characters had as great motivator, the search for those desired and valuable products of plant origin, known by the generic name of spices.Such products had great importance in important and powerful families of the Renaissance, who spared no efforts to make available to their table these seeds, fruits, vegetables, bark, pulp, roots, rhizomes, bulbs, tubers, stems, grains, resins, leaves, herbs and berries, with gastronomic, industrial, symbolic and medicinal value (Bracht and Dos Santos, 2011).
In the New World, the Portuguese navigators came into contact with new and numerous plants, which somehow had some immediate use, particularly those who were grown and or operated by indigenous peoples.Many of these species have earned the seas and eventually succeed to be transported and transplanted by the colonizers to regions as different as the Indian subcontinent, the southern Iberian Peninsula, the northern Europe and the American continent (Bracht and Dos Santos, 2011).Of the American continent the Portuguese collected and have brought a huge number of plants.The main plants of American origin that quickly spread throughout the world after the arrival to the New World and have deeply changed the agricultural scene and alimentary were: achiote (Bixa orelana L.), avocado (Persea americana Mill.), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), cacao (Theobroma cacao L.), cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale L.), custard apple (Annona spp.), guava (Psidium gujava L.), manioc (Manihot esculenta Krantze), maize (Zea mays L.), papaya (Carica papaya L.), passion fruit (Passiflora spp.), peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), peppers and chillies (Capsicum spp.), pineapple (Ananas comosus L.), potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), pumpkins (Cucurbita spp.), quinine (Cinchona spp.), runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), sweet potato (Ipomea batatas L.), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.) and vanilla (Vanilla planifolia Jacks.ex Andrews) (Ferrão and Loureiro, 2013).
The introduction of various species and varieties of vegetables, and diversify the supply of the first colonizers, served as the basic material for plant breeding, in search for a better adaptation of these species to different soil and climatic conditions found in the discovered lands.
During the Age of Discovery, the collected plants were sent mainly to European botanic gardens in order to adapt to the weather and soil new conditions (Walter and Cavalcanti, 2005).In Portugal, the Botanical Garden of The National Palace of Ajuda (1768) and the Botanical Garden of the University of Coimbra (1772) had a very important role in the Philosophic trips carried out in the Portuguese colonies between 1777 and 1808.This vast project, led initially by Domingos Vandelli, had the mission of collecting, preparing, sending and transport the natural products of the Portuguese colonies established in America, Africa and Asia, in order to discover new plant species to the development of agriculture (Pataca, 2011).As the exploration of the tropics by the emerging colonial powers continued, the first botanic gardens outside Europe were created, such as those at the Cape of Good Hope (South Africa), Pamplemousses (Mauritius), Buitenzorg (now Bogor, lndonesia), Calcutta (lndia) and Bath (Jamaica).These served as introduction and acclimatization centers for a wide range of crops, fruits, spices and ornamental (IPGRI et al. 1995).
According to Walter and Cavalcanti (2005), the collectors that stood out in the 18th century were: Francis Masson (1741-1806), who collected plants in South Africa, Madeira and the Canary Islands, Azores and West Indies; David Nelson (? -1789) who explored the Middle East to Oceania; George Caley (1770-1829) which collected for over 10 years in Australia; and Joseph Banks (1743-1820) who explored the South Pacific.With Banks's death the germplasm collection expeditions were reduced, until in 1841, William Jackson Hooker (1785-1865), has taken over part of the activities being succeeded by his son Joseph Dalton Hooker .
Under direction of Sir Joseph Banks (1743-1820), the British carried out many collecting expeditions in the world in search of species that were potentially useful as food, ornamental, medicinal and timber and brought back plants to botanic gardens, especially to the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, near London.They also established the botanic garden at St. Vincent in the Windward Islands in the Caribbean.(Damania, 2008;Walter and Cavalcanti, 2005;IPGRI et al. 1995).
In the 19th century and early 20th century many germplasm collectors also stood out, including Robert Fortune (1812-1880), who collected in China and Japan; George Forrest , who made several expeditions to the Himalayas and China; Ernest Henry Wilson (1876Wilson ( -1930) ) who also collected in China; Peter Barr (1825Barr ( -1909) )  Until the early 20th century Portuguese, Spanish, British, Dutch and French were particularly active in the dissemination of plants between continents (Walter and Cavalcanti, 2005).
From 1922 until the 1940, Nikolai L. Vavilov and his team conducted numerous expeditions in the USSR and in different parts of the world, covering more than 50 countries in Asia, Africa, Central and South America, collecting somewhere around 50,000 germplasm accessions.Vavilov meticulously organized and took part in over 100 plant collecting missions.His coworkers, including S.M. Bukasov and M.G.Popov, conducted several other missions.His major expeditions outside the Soviet Union included those to Iran (1916), America (1921), Afghanistan (1924), Mongolia (1926), Central and South America (1930), the United States (1932), and the Mediterranean region, including Portugal (Bettencourt & Gusmão, 1995), Lebanon, Syria, and Ethiopia (1926-1927), and Central Asia (1929).These meticulously planned and executed missions for crop plants that would improve agriculture in the Soviet Union were based on Vavilov's own concepts in the sphere of evolutionary genetics (i.e., the Law of Homologous Series in the Inheritance of Variability, Vavilov, 1951, and the theory of the Centers of Origin of Cultivated Plants, Vavilov, 1992).Today, many consider Vavilov to be the father of crop plant exploration and collection (Damania, 2008;IPGRI et al., 1995;Loskutov, 1999;Walter and Cavalcanti, 2005).

Germplasm collection and conservation worldwide
After World War II the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations has become the leading organization to promote the conservation of plant genetic resources.One of its branches the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), whose main mission is to collect and conserve germplasm of crop plants, created the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR), in 1974 (IBPGR, 1983).The basic function of IBPGR is to advance the conservation and use of plant genetic resources for the benefit of present and future generations.
From 1974 onwards, Bioversity International supported a series of collecting expeditions worldwide, with the objective to systematically collect and conserve landraces cultivated by farmers and their crop wild relatives which were being lost from fields and natural habitats (Bioversity International, 2015).
Collectors from national and international institutions collected over 225,000 plant samples during more than 500 collecting expeditions to most countries of the world.Samples of approximately 4300 different species were collected, with a focus on landraces and crop wild relatives (CWR) of major crops.The most collected genera were Oryza, Zea, Phaseolus and 6 Sorghum with more than 10,000 samples each, followed by Triticum, Vigna, Solanum, Ipomoea and Pennisetum with more than 5000 samples.This wealth of landraces and CWR was distributed to over 500 genebanks for conservation (Bioversity International, 2015).
During expeditions, for each of sample collected, the collectors make notes in field books, and fill the forms with passport data, about the plant and its environment.They also record valuable knowledge shared by farmers about traits that they value in the plants, and the ways they cultivate, harvest and process them.This information recorded by the collectors is a treasure trove of fascinating data.It also contains information that can help us understand better the consequences of climate change and agricultural practices changes (Bioversity International, 2015).(Vasconcellos, 1933).After the extinction of the Estação Agrária in 1936, that collection was transferred to the Estação de Melhoramento de Plantas, in Elvas and actually is preserved in the National genebank (BPGV), in Braga.

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In 1941 at the Estação Agronómica Nacional (EAN), located in Oeiras, António Marques de Almeida, started the activities of the organization, maintenance and enrichment of the collection of the main forage and pasture species, traditional and exotic, cultivars and ecotypes, of the most diverse geographical origins in Portugal and from international breeding centres.In 1948 this collection had up to more than 12,000 species and strains (Campos Andrada, 2011).

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In 1949 at the Estação de Melhoramento de Plantas, work of characterization of the genus Trifolium was carried out, describing about 40 species of the genus (annual and perennial forms) and indicating the locations of dispersion and forage interest.

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From 1940 to 1950, researchers and maize breeders, Luiz Távora, Antonio Lacerda and Luis Freire de Andrade, conducted some collection missions of the traditional varieties of maize (Zea mays L.) in Minho and Algarve Regions, to support the maize breeding programme, in Braga and Tavira (Farias and Marcelino, 1993;Farias, 1999).
Much cereals, grasses and legumes (perennials and annuals) germplasm, maintained during that period on several active collections and breeders collections, such as the improvement programme of fodder and pastures species conducted in Elvas and Oeiras, maize in Braga and cereals in Elvas, have contributed to, even today, obtain numerous varieties, listed in the National Catalogue of Varieties (CNV) and commercialized by different seed companies (Ministério da Agricultura e do Mar, 2015).However, some of the material collected during 7 this period and maintained in various parts of the country, was lost due to lack of appropriate conditions for medium and long-term conservation (Farias and Marcelino, 1993;Farias, 1999).

Period from 1977 to 2014
In the early 1970s, a new momentum started in Portugal, in order to collect and conserve the national plant genetic resources, at the EAN, through actions of the genetic resources programme for the Mediterranean region, funded by FAO and Bioversity International.The objective was to systematically collect and conserve landraces cultivated by farmers and their crop wild relatives which were being lost from fields and natural habitats (Bettencourt, 1999;Ministério da Agricultura e do Mar, 2015).
In 1977, still under the genetic resources programme for the Mediterranean region, supported by FAO and Bioversity International, was created the Banco Mediterrânico de Milho, in Braga, with the responsibility of maize collecting and conservation, that subsequently gave birth to the Banco Português de Germoplasma Vegetal (BPGV), the National genebank (Barata et al., 2011b;Bettencourt, 1999;Farias and Marcelino, 1993;Farias, 1999;Ministério da Agricultura e do Mar, 2015).

Key point dates of collecting missions:
In Figure 1

Conclusion
The history of the civilizations is deeply linked to the history of agriculture, and this has direct links to germplasm collecting and management.
Plant collecting activities is one of the oldest activities of mankind.Since the dawn of civilization, individuals have gathered new and useful plants from faraway places.Seeds and seedlings were routinely included as part of the household as people explored new territories and settled in new lands.From centuries ago until the middle of the 20th century, many collecting expeditions, in the world, were carried out in search of species that were potentially useful as food, ornamental, medicinal and timber.
Today, because genetic diversity is the key to maintain and improve agriculture, plants are collected and valorised, in order to preserve genetic variability.The plant germplasm collecting missions carried out by the BPGV in the last 40 years demonstrates the contribution of collecting missions to the valorisation of agro-biodiversity and agricultural systems.Between 1977 and 2014 numerous systematic germplasm collection missions have been held in Portugal, for cereals, grain legumes, vegetables, fibers, fodder and pastures, medicinal and aromatic plants and for crop wild relatives, with several national and international institutions.
The germplasm collecting in Portugal, resulted in the preservation of a large legacy, representative of the genetic variability in the country and now safely conserved and maintained for the benefit of present and future generations.This collections are an important source of germplasm to address future needs of organic farming production and other sustainable agriculture programmes, as well as a response to global climate change conditions and to ensure local and global food security.
who explored areas of Spain, Portugal and the Alps; Richard Spruce (1817-1893) who collected for over 20 years in South America, covering major routes in Amazonas and Pará; Frank N. Meyer (1875-1818) who collected in Europe, China, Russia, Korea and Tibet, introducing many species from other continents in North America; David G. Fairchild (1869-1954) who made explorations in different parts of the world, particularly in Asia and South America and Wilson Popenoe(1892- 1975)  who explored Central America in the early XX century(Walter and Cavalcanti, 2005;IPGRI et al 1995;Ford-Lloyd & Jackson, 1986).

3. 1 .
Period from 1930 to 1950   From 1930 to 1950, in Portugal, agronomists  and plants breeders were aware that plant genetic resources were the starting point for their breeding programmes, so carried out collecting and the establishment of several active collections and breeders' collections in various points of the country.Some examples are cited:  In 1933 with the creation of the Estação Agrária de Ensaio de Sementes e Melhoramento de Plantas in Belém, Lisbon, João de Carvalho e Vasconcellos, established the first collection of Portuguese wheats.An extensive collection of traditional Portuguese varieties of hexaploid and tetraploid wheats, including 48 varieties of soft wheat and 51 varieties of durum wheat, collected throughout the territory of Portugal mainland

 1977 -
First germplasm landraces collecting mission of cereals;  1978 -Systematic landraces collecting missions of grain legumes;  1979 -Collecting mission for maize landraces in Azores;  1980 to 1983 -Collecting missions for cereals, grain legumes and a few forage species in Portugal and Spain;  1985 -Systematic collecting missions of forage species;  1987 -Systematic collecting missions for flax;  1990 to 1994 -International collecting missions for vegetables;  1991 -International collecting missions for cereals, grain legumes, fibers and vegetables in Madeira and international collecting for broad beans in Portugal mainland;  1994 -Systematic prospection and collecting missions for genus Allium;  1997 to 1999 -Systematic prospection and collecting for wild hop;  2000 -Systematic collecting for medicinal and aromatic plants;  2001 -International germplasm collecting mission for Genus Daucus;  2006 -International collecting mission for Genus Lupinus;  2009 to 2010 -International germplasm collecting missions for fodder and pasture, medicinal and aromatic plants and grain legumes, in Portugal and Spain;  2014 -Systematic collecting of crop wild relatives of major crops (Avena, Daucus,Hordeum, Lathyrus, Lens, Malus, Medicago, Pisum, and Vicia)  in Portugal.
are represented the collecting sites in Portugal, for cereals, grain legumes, vegetables, fibers, fodder and pastures (A), medicinal and aromatic plants (B) as a result of collecting missions from 1977 to 2014.

Table 1 .
Distribution of number of collecting missions and number of accessions collected by decades.